In the late nineteenth century, commentators on the medico-psychological effects of rapid urban expansion identified two developments of concern.
One was an epidemic of nerves (neurasthenia) among the well-heeled; the other a slide towards degradation in inner-city slums.
In the battle for social regeneration, the need for physical exercise was emphasized. Man had to flex his muscles; his body needed rebuilding.
Men and Muscles
In 1876 the Royal Titles Act was passed by British Parliament, raising the status of the Queen to “Regina et Imperatrix.” It was an appealing analogy: Rome as a civilizing force in barbaric times and Britain’s mission to play a similar role in the modern world.